BOX-COX TRANSFORMATION APPROACH FOR DATA NORMALIZATION: A STUDY OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
Download| Volume 14 Issue 1 2018 | |
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| Author(s): |
Fozia Malik
Ajmal Waheed Khan, Ph.D
Muhammad Tahir Ali Shah
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| Abstract | The aim of this paper is the application of the Box-Cox transformation approach for data normalization. It is mostly noticed that in the social science research discipline the data is not normally distributed which can cause various problems for researchers. These problems are related to decisions which statistical tools should apply in case of non-normality of data. A data set using two independent variables; (i) internal resources, (ii) external resources, one mediating variable which is a new product development process, and one dependent variable namely new product success from the manufacturing sector of Pakistan is utilized to analyze normality of data through the Shapiro-Wilk statistics. When it was analyzed that data is not normal then the box-cox transformation approach was employed. It was noticed that applying after box-cox transformation data was normal which can be utilized for further statistical analysis. Therefore, this paper contributes to suggesting statistical techniques, for example, the Box-Cox Transformation approach (Box & Cox, 1964) can be used for normalizing data. Their search scholars can gain insight from this research regarding the procedure of the Box-Cox Transformation approach. |
| Keywords | Box-Cox Transformation approach, Data Normalization, Shapiro-Wilk Test,New Product Development, Manufacturing Sector |
| Year | 2018 |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Type | Short Report |
| Recognized by | Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, HEC | Category | "Y" | Journal Name | IBT Journal of Business Studies | Publisher Name | ILMA University | Jel Classification | C01, C10, E23, L60, L69, O14 | DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.01.09 | ISSN no (E, Electronic) | 2409-6520 | ISSN no (P, Print) | 2416-8393 | Country | Pakistan | City | Karachi | Institution Type | University | Journal Type | Open Access | Type of Review | Double Blind Peer Reviewed | Format | Paper Link | http://ibtjbs.ilmauniversity.edu.pk/journal/jbs/14.1/9.pdf | Page | 110-119 | References | Akgün, A. E., Keskin, H., & Byrne, J. C. (2010). Procedural Justice Climate in New Product Development Teams: Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(7): 1096-1111. Akgün, E.A., Keskin, H., & Byrne, J. (2012). The Role of Organizational Emotional Memory onDeclarative and Procedural Memory and Firm Innovativeness, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(3), 432–451. Box, G. E. P. & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 26, 211-252. Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 4th ed. London: Sage. Godambe, V.P. (1982). Estimation in Survey Sampling: Robustness and Optimality. Journal of theAmerican Statistical Association, 77,393-403. Howell, D. C. (2007).Statistical methods for psychology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Jackson, S. (2006). Research Methods and Statistics.A Critical Thinking Approach. Second edition. Belmont, CS: Thomson. Norusis, M. (2008).SPSS 16.0 Advanced Statistical Procedures Companion. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Osborne, J. W. (2010).Improving your data transformations: Applying the Box-Cox Transformation.Practical Assessment, Research, andEvaluation, 15 (12), 1-9. Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS Survival Manual. 6th ed. Buckingham: Open University Press. Sakia, R. M. (1992). The Box-Cox Transformation Technique: A review. The statistician, 41, 169-178. Tabachnick, B. G., &Fidell, L. S. (2007).Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston:Allyn and Bacon. Tukey, J. W. (1977) Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Walpole, R.E. (1990). Introduction to Statistics, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. NewYork. Yuan, K.-H., &Bentler, P. M. (1998). Normal Theory Based Test Statistics in Structural Equation Modeling. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 51, 289 –309. Yuan, K-H., Chan, W., & Bentler., P. M. (2000). Robust Transformation with Applications To Structural Equation Modeling. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 53, 31-50. Zimmerman, D. W. (1994). A note on the Influence of Outliers on Parametric and Nonparametric Tests. Journal ofGeneral Psychology, 121(4), 391-401. Zimmerman, D. W. (1995). Increasing the Power of Nonparametric Tests by Detecting and Down Weighting Outliers.Journal of Experimental Education, 64(1), 71-78. Zimmerman, D. W. (1998). Invalidation of Parametric and Nonparamteric Statistical Tests by Concurrent Violation of Two Assumptions.Journal of Experimental Education, 67(1), 55-68. |